Normal Menstrual Cycle - References

Citations

Lobo RA (2007). Menstrual cycle length section of Reproductive endocrinology. In VL Katz et al., eds., Comprehensive Gynecology, 5th ed., pp. 107–108. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier.

American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2006). Menstruation in girls and adolescents: Using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign. Pediatrics, 118(5): 2245–2250.

Bohn Y (2002). Dysmenorrhea. In DR Mishell et al., eds., Management of Common Problems in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4th ed., pp. 236–238. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Brenner P (2002). Dysfunctional uterine bleeding: Treatment. In DR Mishell et al., eds., Management of Common Problems in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4th ed., pp. 249–252. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Speroff L, Fritz MA (2005). Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. In Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility, 7th ed., pp. 547–571. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Speroff L, Fritz MA (2005). Abnormal growth and puberty problems. In Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility, 7th ed., pp.361–399. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Hillard PJA (2007). Adolescence age group section of Benign diseases of the female reproductive tract. In JS Berek, ed., Berek and Novak's Gynecology, 14th ed., pp. 446–460. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Speroff L, Fritz MA (2005). Menopause and the perimenopausal transition. In Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility, 7th ed., pp. 621–688. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Other Works Consulted

American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2006). Menstruation in girls and adolescents: Using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign. Pediatrics, 118(5): 2245–2250.

WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise

Last Updated: March 27, 2009

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Normal Menstrual Cycle Topics

Bladder Control Problems?
Have a Life Less Interrupted

Important Safety Information | Prescribing Information

ENABLEX is a prescription medicine used in adults to treat the following symptoms due to a condition called overactive bladder:

· having a strong need to go to the bathroom right away (also called "urgency")
· leaks or wetting accidents (also called "urinary incontinence")
· having to go to the bathroom too often (also called "urinary frequency")

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

You should not take once-daily ENABLEX if you have certain types of stomach problems, glaucoma, or have trouble emptying your bladder. Side effects of ENBLEX include blurred vision, and more commonly dry mouth, constipation, indigestion, and abdominal pain. Use caution when doing certain activities until you know how ENBALEX affects you.

As You Journey through Menopause, Vivelle-Dot Is By Your Side

VIVELLE-DOT (estradiol transdermal system) IS AVAILABLE BY PRESCRPTION ONLY.

INDICATION

Vivelle-Dot is used after menopause to: reduce moderate to severe hot flashes; treat moderate to severe dryness, itching and burning in or around the vagina; help reduce your chances of getting osteoporosis (thin weak bones); and treat certain conditions in which a young woman's ovaries do not produce enough estrogens naturally. Vivelle-Dot 0.025 mg/day is only used to prevent osteoporosis from menopause. If you use Vivelle-Dot only to treat your dryness, itching, and burning in and around your vagina or if you use Vivelle-Dot only to prevent osteoporosis from menopause, talk with your healthcare professional about whether a different treatment or medicine without estrogens might be better for you.

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

Estrogens increase the chances of getting cancer of the uterus (womb). Report any unusual vaginal bleeding right away while you are taking estrogens. Vaginal bleeding after menopause may be a warning sign of cancer of the uterus (womb).

Do not use estrogens with or without progestins to prevent heart disease, heart attacks, or strokes. Using estrogens with or without progestins may increase your chances of getting heart attacks, strokes, breast cancer, and blood clots. Using estrogens with progestins may increase your risk of dementia (decline in memory and thinking skills).

Vivelle-Dot should not be used if you have unusual vaginal bleeding; currently have or have had certain cancers, including cancer of the breast or uterus; had a stroke or heart attack in the recent past (for example, in the past year); currently have or have had blood clots; currently have or have had liver problems; or think you may be, or know that you are, pregnant.

The most common side effects that may occur with Vivelle-Dot are headache, breast tenderness, and back pain.

You and your healthcare professional should talk regularly about whether you still need treatment with Vivelle-Dot.

You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit www.fda.gov/medwatch or call 1-800-FDA-1088.

Please see Full Prescribing Information for Vivelle-Dot.

Prescribing Information