Breast lumps or changes are a common health worry for most women. Women may have many kinds of breast lumps and other breast changes throughout their lives, including changes that occur with menstrual periods, pregnancy, and aging. Most breast lumps and breast changes are normal.

See a picture of the breast anatomy.

Common, noncancerous (benign) breast changes include:

• Sacs filled with fluids (cysts).
• Generalized breast lumpiness.
• Painless, movable, and firm round lumps (fibroadenomas).
• Damaged fatty tissue (fat necrosis).
• Growths inside the ducts (intraductal papillomas).
• Enlargement of lymph nodes in the breast.
• Breast pain (mastalgia).
• Breast infections (mastitis) or abscesses.
• Nipple discharge.
• Inflamed blood vessels (thrombophlebitis).

Breast development is the first sign of puberty in young girls. Usually, breasts begin as small, tender bumps under one or both nipples that will get bigger over the next few years. It is not unusual for one breast to be larger than the other or for one side to develop before the other. A girl may worry that a lump under the nipple is abnormal or a sign of a serious medical problem when it is a part of normal breast development.

In men, enlargement of male breast tissue (gynecomastia) is a noncancerous breast change. During puberty, young men commonly have smooth, round lumps or "breast buds" under the nipple. These develop because of rapid changes in hormone levels. They may last up to 2 years, but they tend to go away within the first year.

Many women with breast pain or breast lumps worry about breast cancer. The incidence of breast cancer in the United States has gradually increased during the past 30 years and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Breast cancer represents approximately 30% of new cancer diagnosed in women. Approximately 1 man gets breast cancer for every 100 cases of breast cancer in women.

The earlier breast cancer is detected, the more easily and successfully it can be treated.

There are 2 methods of early detection:

• Clinical breast examination (CBE). During your routine physical examination, your doctor may do a clinical breast examination. During a CBE, your doctor will carefully feel your breasts and under your arms to check for lumps or other unusual changes.
• Mammogram. A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast that can often find tumors that are too small for you or your doctor to feel. Most women should begin having mammograms at the age of 40. If you are younger than age 40 and have risk factors for breast cancer, talk with your doctor about starting screening before age 40.

Breast self-examination (BSE) involves checking your breasts for lumps or changes while standing and lying in different positions and while looking at your breasts in a mirror. Once you know what your breasts normally look and feel like, any new lump or change in appearance should be evaluated by a doctor. Most breast problems or changes are not caused by cancer. However, BSE should not be used in place of clinical breast examination and mammography. Studies have not shown that BSE alone reduces the number of deaths from breast cancer.